《GMAT加减法思维》连载7

来源: | 作者:passion | 发布时间: 2016-10-10 | 18531 次浏览 | 分享到:

第一章减法思维

导论里我们介绍过减法思维，就是化繁为简，将多点变成一点的思维过程。这里面既包含了阅读信息时的取舍，也包括了推理步骤的简化。前者符合在考场上作题效率为先的GMAT特点，后者符合商业实践中，管理者必须避免用主观判断作出不能最大化公司利益的决策。

尤其后者，也就是主观思维，是中华文明积累几千年至今，与现代商业社会最格格不入的一个方面：我们中国人喜欢“悟”字，感悟，揣测，体会弦外之音，而商业文明要求清除所有预先设定，头脑中不含任何背景知识和主观经验，更不可盲目的猜测对方没说的话。

我们把这个叫做减法思维，或者更形象的称为“不知道思维”。

在这一部分里面，我们要给大家介绍四个“不知道”：

"减法的“不知道”思维

对方不说的我不知道（克制主观）

我不说的对方不知道（换位思考）

无关重点的我不知道（简化问题）

不看完选项我不知道答案（去粗比精）

分四节给各位展开介绍。

第一节克制主观

“对方不说我就不知道。”

也就是抽离自我，做任何判断都尽量站在客观立场，不因为自己切身利益而不自觉的加入主观情感，只要对方没说，我就认为我自己不知道。只盯着原文看，决不允许自己想多想远。

这恐怕要从生活中就加以小心，树立客观的思维习惯。别忘了，在道释儒思想影响下的中国人，很容易下意识的去揣摩对方话里的弦外之音。如下面这个小故事讲的一样，我们东方文化太看重悟性。奈何悟性的部分无法量化，也就难以推广，不符合现代社会理性计量的商业思维模式。

9小故事：

有一天，佛祖释迦牟尼在上课，下面一群的学生端正的坐着，专心听讲认真做笔记。突然，佛祖不说话了，拿起一朵花放在嘴边。下面的学生被老师这个突如其来的举动弄得莫名其妙。都不得其解的缄口不言。这时只有一个叫伽叶的学生微微一笑。没有人知道他为什么微笑，就像没有人知道佛祖为什么拈花。也许这个世上只有佛祖一人知道伽叶，就像这个世上只有伽叶一人知道佛祖！佛祖说我有很好的方法，直接可以悟道的，现在已交给了这位大弟子迦叶。一众学生纷纷悔之晚矣，心说早知道得到师傅的真传有此捷径，刚才也张大嘴微笑就好了。后人用拈花微笑比喻心灵相通，尽在不言中的感悟过程。

我们作两个练习，体会GMAT考试对主观思维的警戒。

例[1.1]

冬天积雪压断树枝，会导致汽车被掉落的树枝损害。数据显示，秋天发生树枝损害汽车的事例远多于冬天。如何解释？

（Ａ）秋天比冬天风大，风能导致树枝折断。

（Ｂ）不像秋天，司机在冬天时为避免树枝砸到，不会把车停在树下。

例[1.2]

警方收集到的数据显示，养宠物的家庭更容易被小偷光顾，请问该如何解释？

（Ａ）养宠物的平均收入高于不养宠物的，小偷更愿意行窃有钱人。

（Ｂ）主人不在家时，宠物喜欢在窗旁出现，这会让小偷更了解家里的情况。

分析解答：答案都是A，注意体会两道题目的错误选项（B）中，诱导大家借助主观经验和所谓常识来做判断。

1.1题目里面的“通常树枝都是砸到静止的汽车上”，和1.2题目里面的“知道家里没人，小偷更敢于入室行窃”，这些都属于原文没说，但是很容易被考生理所当然当做事实的错误推理。

保持客观的减法原则，克制主观思维，既可以从日常生活中的思维顽疾入手，也可以用具体的训练方法来实现。这部分内容跟加法思维的“论与证”有着千丝万缕的联系，看到那里，你就明白我们的主观思维究竟是为何产生的了。

本节练习题

1）Magazine Publisher: Our magazine does not have a liberal bias. It is true that when a book review we had commissioned last year turned out to express distinctly conservative views, we did not publish it until we had also obtained a second review that took a strongly liberal position. Clearly, however, our actions demonstrate not a bias in favor of liberal views but rather a commitment to a balanced presentation of diverse opinions.

Determining which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the cogency of the magazine publisher's response?

A Whether any other magazines in which the book was reviewed carried more than one review of the book
B Whether the magazine publishes unsolicited book reviews as well as those that it has commissioned
C Whether in the event that a first review commissioned by the magazine takes a clearly liberal position the magazine would make any efforts to obtain further reviews
D Whether the book that was the subject of the two reviews was itself written from a clearly conservative or a clearly liberal point of view
E Whether most of the readers of the magazine regularly read the book reviews that the magazine publishes

2) An overwhelming proportion of the most productive employees at SaleCo's regional offices work not eight hours a day, five days a week, as do other SaleCo employees, but rather ten hours a day, four days a week, with Friday off. Noting this phenomenon, SaleCo's president plans to increase overall productivity by keeping the offices closed on Fridays and having all employees work the same schedule-ten hours a day, four days a week.

Which of the following, if true, provides the most reason to doubt that the president's plan, if implemented, will achieve its stated purpose?

A Typically, a SaleCo employee's least productive hours in the workplace are the early afternoon hours.
B None of the employees who work four days a week had volunteered to work that schedule, but all were assigned to it by their supervisors.
C Working ten hours a day has allowed the most productive employees to work two hours alone each day in their respective offices relatively undisturbed by fellow employees.
D Employees at SaleCo are compensated not on the basis of how many hours a week they work but on the basis of how productive they are during the hours they are at work.
E Those SaleCo employees who have a four-day workweek do not take any of their office work to do at home on Fridays.